Meaning:1 to bend 2 to wind, reel 3 to wrap 4 wrapped
Tabasaran:=irǯ- 1
Agul:ʁad-iž- 3
Budukh:q:-e=ǯn- 1
Archi:ča- 2
Udi:b-ač:u-r 4
Comment: Cf. also Ag. Tp. ʕad-iǯan- 'to wrap'. Medial -r- in Tab. is secondary (cf. the changing -r-/-0- in Tab. Düb. =irǯ-, plur. d-iǯ-). Languages reveal a variation between -0 and -n-conjugations.
Comment: Cf. also Lezg. Khl. werc:i, Rut. Ikhr. it:ɨ-d, Tsakh. Tsakh. ütu-n, Arch. -c̣:- in forms like ic̣:ēnu-t 'everything sweet'. The Ud. form with m- is probably an archaism (cf. the external evidence); other languages have modified the stem on analogy with *ʔimc̣: 'honey' - which itself is an old derivate from the adjectival stem. The two stems have actively contaminated also in Lezgian - where werc̣i 'sweet' obtained the Anlaut on analogy with wirt 'honey', while the noun wirt got its -r- from the adjectival stem (regularly we would expect in Lezg.: *irc:i (or erc:i) 'sweet' (with a typical adjectival -r- < *ʔic̣:V-rV-) and *wit 'honey'.
The word for 'honey' (PL *ʔimc̣:) has following reflexes: Lezg. wirt (wirṭe-di-), Khl. ürt (ürt:e-di-); Tab. jič:̌ (jič:̌u-), Ag. it:ʷ (it:ʷa-), Bursh. jit:ʷ (jit:ʷa- ), Rut. it (itɨ- with secondary analogy instead of *it:ɨ-); Tsakh. ut (ut:e-), Gelm. itʷ (it:u-); Kryz. jit; Bud. jit; Ud. uč:I.
Comment: An Arch.-Ud. isogloss, therefore the first syllable is reconstructed only because of general considerations of the verbal root structure.
An archaic derivate is Arch. c̣urǝla 'neck of zourna (flute)' < PL *c̣:urVl(a) (this noun originally meant 'filter, sieve', as seen from external evidence).
Comment: The verb is attested only in Ag. and Tsakh. There are, however, some nominal derivates in other languages: Rut. dɨn 'wool', Ag. t:un 'thread' (PL *(ʔi)c̣:o-n); Arch. ic̣ (erg. ic̣:i) 'goat's wool' (PL *ʔic̣:).
Comment: Cf. also Bud. pret. ʕa-tin-ǯi. The Tab. and Bud. form contain preverbs. In Arch. the original tense *c̣: is revealed in the reduplicated present form c̣emc̣:in. Cf. also the nominal derivate Arch. c̣om 'sieve'.
Meaning:1 to come in, enter 2 to come out 3 to come down
Lezghian:eq:-eč̣- 2
Tabasaran:u=č̣̌- 1
Agul:uč̣- 1
Rutul:ä=č̣ʷa- 1
Tsakhur:iḳ-e=č̣e- 1
Kryz:q:ä=č̣- 2
Budukh:ʕ-a=č̣- 1,3
Archi:č̣u- 1
Udi:b-aj- 1
Comment: PL Ablaut *ʔič̣ʷä- / *ʔäč̣ʷä-. The first variant is reflected in Tab., Ag., Arch. (č̣u- < *ič̣u-), cf. also Rut. k-u=č̣-es/k-u=č̣ʷa-s 'to begin'; the second variant - in Lezg., Rut. (ä=č̣ʷa-s), Tsakh., Kryz., Bud. and Ud. (with regular loss of -č̣-), cf. also Arch. a=č̣a-s (dur. =arč̣u-r) 'to hide'. The verb belongs to the strong conjugation and is used in all languages mostly in conjunction with locative preverbs.
Comment: The verb has an archaic paradigm (*ʔikar- > Arch. kar-; the Ablaut grade *ʔokär- > Arch. dur. orki-r, term. oka, Rut. -ɨ=ga- in q-ɨ=ga- 'to bring, to lead, deliver'; reduplicated stem *kor(V)ka- > Arch. imper. karaka, Rut. gɨ=rga-). Because of a precise parallelism between the Archi and Rutul alternating stems and a precise semantic match, the relationship of the Archi and Rutul forms is beyond doubt - despite an irregular consonantal correspondence. Cf. perhaps also Tsakh. =ɨḱ:e-s (pres. with reduplication =ɨḱek-a) 'to take away, carry away': here -ḱ:- obviously does not reflect a PL lateral, but is an expressive gemination of -k-. An analogous expressive reduplication could be responsible for the exceptional development *k > g in Rutul.
Comment: Cf. also Tab. Düb. d-u=g- 'to lose, get lost'; Ag. Bursh. gulan- id. With a prefixed *t:-, besides Tab., cf. Rut. d-agul haʔa-s 'to steal', Tsakh. d́-ugul xes 'to hide'. Archi and Kryz reflect only a deverbal (participial) form (in Kryz - as part of a compound verb); most languages reflect the Ablaut grade *i, but grade *ä is reflected in Tsakh. and Bud. (in Tsakhur there still is a live alternation: a=gʷal- in term., i=gʷal- in dur.).
Meaning:1 to fall 2 to lie, lie down 3 to stay 4 to throw
Lezghian:q:at-k- 2
Agul:ʁ-ulkan- 1
Rutul:lukʷa- 1,2
Kryz:i=kn- 3
Budukh:i=kin- 3
Archi:kam- 4
Comment: In Ag. only the Bursh. form is known. In Shakhdagh the semantics may be modified because of contamination with another root, PL *ʔargʷVn- (/*ʔirgʷVn-) 'to stay'; but cf. the old participial form kɨn in Kryz. kɨn xi-jiǯ 'to fall, be scattered', kɨn jeriǯ 'to scatter, pour' ( = Arch. kam-mus, dur. kamá-r 'to throw' < *kʷän-). Cf. also preverbial forms in Shakhdagh: Kryz. ʕä=kn- 'to become tired', Bud.: ʕala=kl- 'to drop, drip' (with preservation of -l due to -l- in the preverb).
Comment: The -n-conjugation in Bud. (cf. dur. ʕüḳünǯi) is probably secondary; otherwise the correspondences are quite regular (note that Tsakh. reflects the *-ä- Ablaut grade: -oḳa- < *-äḳʷa-). A derived adjective is Rut. b-iḳ-er-dɨ 'hot'.
